Journal: Toxins

Article Title: In-Vitro Neutralization of the Neurotoxicity of Coastal Taipan Venom by Australian Polyvalent Antivenom: The Window of Opportunity

doi: 10.3390/toxins12110690

Figure Lengend Snippet: In vitro neurotoxicity of O. scutellatus venom: ( a ) concentration-dependent inhibition of indirect twitches in chick biventer nerve-muscle preparation by venom. (* indicates significantly different from control at the corresponding time, p < 0.05, one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test, n = 3–5); ( b ) effect of venom on responses to exogenous agonists acetylcholine (ACh), carbachol (CCh) and KCl (* indicates significantly different from control, p < 0.05, one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test, n = 4–5).

Article Snippet: Contractile responses of the tissues to exogenous acetylcholine (ACh; HIMedia, Vadhani Industrial Estate, Mumbai, India; 1 mM for 30 s), carbachol (CCh; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA; 20 μM for 60 s) and KCl (40 mM for 30 s) were obtained in the absence of nerve stimulation.

Techniques: In Vitro, Concentration Assay, Inhibition, Control, Comparison

Journal: Toxins

Article Title: In-Vitro Neutralization of the Neurotoxicity of Coastal Taipan Venom by Australian Polyvalent Antivenom: The Window of Opportunity

doi: 10.3390/toxins12110690

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of the Australian polyvalent antivenom on O. scutellatus venom pre-synaptic neurotoxicity: ( a ) effect of the antivenom (AV) on preventing/arresting the inhibition of indirect twitches caused by 3 µg/mL venom (* indicates significantly different from control at 180 min, ** indicates significantly different from both control and venom at 180 min, p < 0.05, one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test, n = 4–5); ( b ) the effect of antivenom, added at different time points, on the venom-mediated response to exogenous agonists acetylcholine (ACh), carbachol (CCh) and KCl.

Article Snippet: Contractile responses of the tissues to exogenous acetylcholine (ACh; HIMedia, Vadhani Industrial Estate, Mumbai, India; 1 mM for 30 s), carbachol (CCh; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA; 20 μM for 60 s) and KCl (40 mM for 30 s) were obtained in the absence of nerve stimulation.

Techniques: Inhibition, Control, Comparison

Journal: Toxins

Article Title: In-Vitro Neutralization of the Neurotoxicity of Coastal Taipan Venom by Australian Polyvalent Antivenom: The Window of Opportunity

doi: 10.3390/toxins12110690

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of Australian polyvalent antivenom (AV) on taipoxin-mediated pre-synaptic neurotoxicity: ( a ) reversibility of the inhibition of indirect twitches caused by taipoxin (* indicates significantly different from control at 180 min, p < 0.05, one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test, n = 3–5); ( b ) effect of taipoxin on responses to exogenous agonists acetylcholine (ACh), carbachol (CCh) and KCl.

Article Snippet: Contractile responses of the tissues to exogenous acetylcholine (ACh; HIMedia, Vadhani Industrial Estate, Mumbai, India; 1 mM for 30 s), carbachol (CCh; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA; 20 μM for 60 s) and KCl (40 mM for 30 s) were obtained in the absence of nerve stimulation.

Techniques: Inhibition, Control, Comparison

Journal: Toxins

Article Title: In-Vitro Neutralization of the Neurotoxicity of Coastal Taipan Venom by Australian Polyvalent Antivenom: The Window of Opportunity

doi: 10.3390/toxins12110690

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of washing the preparation on O. scutellatus venom pre-synaptic neurotoxicity: ( a ) effect of washing on the inhibition of indirect twitches caused by venom (3 µg/mL). (* indicates significantly different from control at 180 min, ** indicates significantly different from both control and venom at 180 min, p < 0.05, one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test, n = 4-5); ( b ) the effect of washing at different time points on the venom response to exogenous agonists acetylcholine (ACh), carbachol (CCh) and KCl.

Article Snippet: Contractile responses of the tissues to exogenous acetylcholine (ACh; HIMedia, Vadhani Industrial Estate, Mumbai, India; 1 mM for 30 s), carbachol (CCh; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA; 20 μM for 60 s) and KCl (40 mM for 30 s) were obtained in the absence of nerve stimulation.

Techniques: Inhibition, Control, Comparison

Journal: Toxins

Article Title: In-Vitro Neutralization of the Neurotoxicity of Coastal Taipan Venom by Australian Polyvalent Antivenom: The Window of Opportunity

doi: 10.3390/toxins12110690

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of washing and Australian polyvalent antivenom (AV) on the neuromuscular block caused by 10 µg/mL O. scutellatus venom, when applied after different time intervals following the application of venom: the effect of washing and antivenom on the venom-mediated inhibition of indirect twitches and the response of the neuromuscular preparation to exogenous agonists acetylcholine (ACh), carbachol (CCh) and KCl when added or commenced after 30 min ( a , b ), 15 min ( c , d ) and 5 min ( e , f ) (# indicates the twitch height of the AV added preparations is significantly different to preparations washed at the corresponding time point, p < 0.05, Mann Whitney test, n = 3–5; * indicates significantly different from control, p < 0.05, one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test, n = 3–5).

Article Snippet: Contractile responses of the tissues to exogenous acetylcholine (ACh; HIMedia, Vadhani Industrial Estate, Mumbai, India; 1 mM for 30 s), carbachol (CCh; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA; 20 μM for 60 s) and KCl (40 mM for 30 s) were obtained in the absence of nerve stimulation.

Techniques: Blocking Assay, Inhibition, MANN-WHITNEY, Control, Comparison